In 1987, several books were published, which all
predicted that the Rapture would happen between late 1987
and late 1989. These books were written by different
authors, who did not confer with each other about what
they were going to write. These books sold by the
millions, and one in particular actually gave a specific
date for the Rapture to happen. That fateful date was
September 12, 1988. MILLIONS of people counted down the
days, the hours, and even the minutes until 12:01 AM,
Jerusalem time. I took that day off from work, and sat in
my living room and listened to the countdown being
announced over a secular radio station. By noon, I began
to be dismayed. And then, it was the end of the day. The
sun was setting. I realized that the nature of the
prediction allowed for the Rapture to happen at anytime
within the 24 hours of September 12, 1988, Jerusalem
time. It didn't matter. I knew it wasn't going to happen.
I was crushed. |
You see, I had done my "own set of
calculations" in 1972, 15 years before any of this
happened, and I came to exactly the same conclusions that
these other authors did. BUT....since I DID want Jesus to
COME BACK THEN....or at least SOON, I wasn't very happy
about my discoveries! Fifteen years looked to me like a
long, long time: I became afraid that I may not even live
long enough to be one of those who are alive and
remain at The End! This provoked me to desperate
prayers, in which I begged God to reassure me that I
would live long enough to make The Rapture! Even when I
finally felt like I had received such assurance, the
length of THE WAIT so depressed me, that I lost almost
all interest in eschatology until THE GREAT RAPTURE WATCH
OF 1988. |
One of the MOST RESPECTED MEN in international Bible
distribution PUT HIS PERSONAL REPUTATION on the line by
publishing the most "notorious" of these
"Rapture books". I was so convinced that we had
good reasons to expect the Rapture, that I bought 30 of
these books and gave them away. I remember having many
excited conversations with MANY different people, in
which we rehashed and rechecked the EVIDENCE for a
predictable Rapture. I heard a WELL RESPECTED and
INTERNATIONALLY KNOWN teacher on prophecy close his
television show with the words, "I might not be on
the air next week, and if not, you know why". From
July of that year until "that day", everywhere
I met any Christians, they were willing to talk about the
Rapture. We were excited, we were joyful, WE WERE
JUBILANT: there was a pronounced feeling of hopeful
expectation among those of us who were waiting for
His Son from heaven (1 Thess. 1:10). |
Within a few days after September 12, 1988, I began
to hear a new kind of laughter: the laughter of those who
were GLAD that the Rapture DIDN'T happen. The Rapture
Prophets faded away, and the rest of us hung our heads in
shame. THE GREAT RAPTURE WATCH OF 1988 struck me with a
blow from which, THANK GOD, I have not been able to
recover. Until 'that day', I was both willing and able to
avoid many unanswered questions and unresolved problems
in my faith. For the first time since I became a
Christian, the prospect of growing old, weak, and sick
LIKE EVERYONE ELSE DOES became a frightening reality. I
suddenly realized that I might outlive my wife, and I had
no idea how I would cope with that. I suddenly became
aware that though I was already middle-aged; I had no
"retirement plans" and no savings laid up for
that purpose. I considered the specter of being old,
weak, sick, lonely, and so poor that I would have to join
those who wait behind the supermarket for the spoiled
food they throw away. I suddenly became afraid that my
religion would do nothing to sustain or protect me
against "the realities of life". I reopened my
Bible to the teachings of Jesus, and took hold with all
my might. |
You have the right to ask: "Why did so many
people, and even sober minded respectable church leaders
believe this?" Well. . . |
The reasoning that arrived at a predictable Rapture
was not the fruit of any novel or unorthodox ideas. To
summarize: |
1. Almost 6000 years of measurable history since Adam
had passed, and this was historically considered to be
the prophetic duration of man's dominion over the earth. |
2. 1988 was 40 years from the founding of the Nation
of Israel, and this was taken to be the length of a generation
(Matt.24:24) |
3. The year 1988 was the point of convergence for an
ABSOLUTELY ENORMOUS set of chronological cycles, all
taken from significant mentions of these same "time
periods" in the Bible. This convergence will NEVER
happen again, and cannot be recalculated to any other
date. |
4. There was a general expectation of the Rapture
anyway as a result of all the "signs of the
times" preaching that had gone on since WW2. |
5. The large number of respectable scholars who
either 'signed on' or admitted to the possibility of a
predictable Rapture lent even more credibility to this
particular year, and day. |
WE WERE WRONG: about "that year and day",
and I don't think anyone of us should dare to step
forward with another date. We can't anyway. The
calculations that were used to arrive at the year 1988
are the product of pure mathematics, and there is no
"adjustment" possible. I know this, and so do
all the Rapture prophets. There is this one little
unresolved detail. . . . .the calculations hinge on a
presumed date for the birth of Our Lord Jesus Christ. The
question about exactly WHEN Our Lord was born has ALWAYS
been disputed. Our present calendar places His birth at
the "1", and that means 1988 is 1987. Ussher
places the conception of Our Lord in 5 B.C., and cites a
medieval calendar change to support it. If Ussher was
right, 1988 was really 1993, leaving only 7 years until
the close of 6000 years of human history. I'm sure you
can see why 1988 was chosen: but this view presumes that
The Great Tribulation occurs during the last 3 1/2 or 7
years of THIS age, and is not the first 3 1/2 or 7 years
of the next age. The Roman Catholics, however, have the
conception of Our Lord in 7 B.C. If the Catholic calendar
is correct, then 1994 was really the year 2000. We don't
really know what year we are in, so the verdict on the
"approximately predictable" Rapture is not in
yet. It is possible, that when Our Lord said, Of that
day and hour knoweth no man, He foresaw the fact that
we would be unable to conclude upon a correct calendar.
In any case, even if no man can know the day
and hour, that in no way precludes us from knowing
that The Rapture is near; and if you take Jesus' words
literally; they do not prevent us from knowing the year,
or even the month. |
The Bible says, But ye, brethren, are not in
darkness, that THAT DAY should overtake you as a thief
(1 Thess.5:4). |
A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE NEW ESCHATOLOGY, WHICH IS ALREADY
EMERGING IN THE PUBLIC DOGMA OF CHRISTENDOM. THIS "NEW
EXPLANATION" FOR HOW THE AGE OF THE CHURCH ENDS IS EMERGING SPONTANEOUSLY,
AND WITHOUT FORMAL PRONOUNCEMENT, IN EVERY DENOMINATION AND
OUTPOST OF INSTITUTIONAL CHRISTENDOM. IT IS THE PRODUCT OF
NECESSITY; IN WHICH THE RETURN OF JESUS CHRIST MAY BE ANTICIPATED
WITHOUT SIGNALING THE DESTRUCTION OF CIVILIZATION BY APOCALYPTIC
WARS, NATURAL DISASTERS, AND COSMIC CATACLYSMS.
1. THEY WILL SAY: NO APOSTASY.
2. THEY WILL SAY: NO RAPTURE
3. THEY WILL SAY: NO GREAT TRIBULATION
4. THEY WILL SAY: NO ANTICHRIST
5. THEY WILL SAY: CHRIST RETURNS SOON
6. THEY WILL SAY: A NEW MILLENNIUM
1. NO EFFECTIVE ARGUMENT CAN BE MADE
AGAINST IT.
2. ALL SECULAR POLITICAL AND SOCIAL AGENCIES
WILL FAVOR IT.
3. IT LEAVES ALL THE EXISTING RELIGIOUS
BUREAUCRACIES IN PLACE.
Because The New Eschatology has NO "Great
Tribulation", their "Christ" will arrive
to a relatively stable world, in which ALL the present
religious and political bureaucracies are still in power.
As long as the leaders of The World's Religions cooperate
with The New World Order, and SUBMIT to their
"Christ" when he arrives, they will be
permitted to continue. |
I refer you again to what I said before: that this
New Eschatology is the product of NECESSITY; in which the
return of Jesus Christ may be anticipated WITHOUT
SIGNALING THE DESTRUCTION OF CIVILIZATION by apocalyptic
wars, natural disasters, and cosmic cataclysms. |
When their "Christ" arrives, Every eye
shall see him (Rev.1:7), because this
"Christ" will undoubtedly make his public debut
on TELEVISION. "The Christ on TV" will become the
image of the beast (Rev. 13:14-15), to which everyone
is required to do homage. This "Christ" will
perform miracles over the TV just like our modern
Televangelists. The abomination of desolation
(Matt.24:15) may well be nothing more surprising than a
television set on the pulpit in the Jewish temple or a
Christian church. |
When The Rapture happens, it will be
"explained" as a cleansing of the world from a
certain kind of "spiritual vermin", among whom
I expect to be classified by those who hate this book.
They will have their "proof text" of course,
but I have told you ahead of time; that they are going to
quote Matthew 13:41-43, saying, that now that these
"bad influences" are gone, "the
righteous" shall finally be able to shine
forth in the kingdom of their Father. No account will
be taken of the fact that this is said to take place at
the "end" (Grk. SUNTELEIA) of this
world: NOT in "The Last Days" of this age.
Neither will they care that the word SUNTELEIA does not
refer to any point in time at all: but means, "the
consummation", "the entire completion", or
as we say in modern parlance: THE WRAP-UP. But....I am
aware that there is a hole for every rat, and that every
rat can find a hole. So even if I were to answer astutely
to every single objection that anyone can raise against a
Pre-Tribulation Rapture; it wouldn't make any difference
to them anyway. Very few people, and NONE of the world's
big-shots are going in the Rapture, so it won't turn the
world upside down when it happens. The "Christ on
TV" is going to be the PAROUSIA (presence) of The
New Eschatology. |
I CAN "debunk" the NEW ESCHATOLOGY, but it
wouldn't make any difference if I did. No one who
"buys in" on The New Eschatology will do so
because they were convinced by the academic evidence.
Religion is no longer important "for its own
sake" in modern society; it has been denigrated into
an APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE, and any doctrine that does not
contribute to the establishment of cooperation and
conformity among the peoples is labeled as HERETICAL. |
The NEW ESCHATOLOGY is just the final, formal product
of an APOSTATE THEOLOGY; a theology which presumes that
the establishment of AN ORDERLY and PRODUCTIVE SOCIETY is
the primary goal of the Christian Religion. The interests
of THE STATE and the interests of Organized Religion are
protected and advanced by the NEW ESCHATOLOGY. |
The theology that produced doctrines like THE GREAT
FALLING AWAY and THE RAPTURE is exclusivist, divisive,
and economically nonproductive; and therefore. . . .
.those who proclaim or practice IT will be regarded as
"renegades"; accused of TREASON against The
Church; and accused of hindering the welfare of mankind. |
Those who follow THE JESUS WHO SAID, Suppose ye
that I am come to give peace on earth? I tell you, NAY;
but rather division (Luke 12:51); will soon find out
why He also said, Yea, the time cometh, that whosoever
killeth you will think that he doeth God service
(John 16:2). |
The greatest internal conflict in the history of
Christendom is about to begin; there will be scandals,
purges, trials, WITCH HUNTS, and even ASSASSINATIONS:
this may well begin before The Rapture, but will
certainly be well underway immediately after The Rapture.
The NEW ESCHATOLOGY will win the day, and SET THE STAGE
for the emergence of The New World Order and the reign of
The Antichrist. |
As I said, the decisions you make in these matters
will no longer be regarded as insignificant distinctions
between eschatological theories; but will have everything
to do with your SOCIAL and ECONOMIC survival. One good
thing comes out of all this; Theological Debate will no
longer be a "game with no stakes". |
The shadow of the darkest moment of human history is
already falling across the world. For a brief moment that
blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the Great God
and Our Savior Jesus Christ (Titus 2:13), will seem
to have come to nothing. BUT, Rapture Believers may be
assured of their ultimate victory, BECAUSE, Bible
Prophecy ALSO anticipates The New Eschatology; describes
it, condemns it, and PROVES; that The New Eschatology is
just another false doctrine of that GREAT and FINAL
APOSTASY that history calls THE GREAT FALLING AWAY
(2 Thess. 2:3). |
The doctrines of the Rapture, The Great Tribulation,
and the coming of The Antichrist have been PUBLICLY and
LOUDLY proclaimed in our world since the early 1900s.
There are other views on THE END OF THE AGE in print; but
until recently, they had all but been forgotten, and were
not well known. |
The Medieval Church taught "The Big Bang At The
End" theory, in which the coming of Christ and the
END OF THE MATERIAL WORLD happen all at once and at the
same time. In their scenario, things just roll along like
they are, or steadily decline, until suddenly, and
without warning, the heavens pass away with a great
noise, ...and the earth gets burned up. The great
antiquity of this view is revealed by the fact that it is
universally held by everyone who has not been formally
instructed to believe anything else. |
During The Reformation, a theory called
"Postmillennialism" emerged: in which Jesus
will only return AFTER The Church has been
"perfected" and achieved practical dominion
over the whole earth. In this view, the return of Christ
is a sort of "reward" for "taking care of
business". |
The New Eschatology is none of these. They will
assert that Jesus returns to establish The Kingdom of God
on Earth, but without any intervening events like The
Tribulation or the Rapture. On the surface, this idea
recommends itself as "one of the most reasonable
possibilities" for HOW and WHEN Christ returns! |
What makes the New Eschatology "NEW", is
that somehow; during all these intervening centuries; no
one has EVER publicized, and neither has any notable
denomination ever subscribed to such a scenario (as of
1991). Historically, there have been only 3 well known
and popular eschatologies. |
1. AMILLENNIALISM: "The Big Surprise At The
End": There is no future "Millennium", and
the return of Christ accompanies the complete and final
end of the world. |
2. POSTMILLENNIALISM: Christ only returns at the end
of a "Millennium" of some indeterminate length,
during which Christendom has taken over the world. |
3. PREMILLENNIALISM: Christ returns BEFORE the
Millennium; but up until NOW, this idea has been
popularly identified with a particular scenario:
Rapture-Antichrist-Tribulation- Armageddon-Christ
returns- the Millennial Kingdom begins. |
The NEW ESCHATOLOGY is a "premillennialism"
in which Jesus returns to a world which is more or less
just going on about it's business, AND TAKES OVER. This
"Christ" finds a few enemies when He gets here,
but they are handled in short order. The majority of the
world's leaders will acknowledge him and be
"convinced by his genius and power" and go
along. The "returning Christ" of the NEW
ESCHATOLOGY will also find a giant religious empire that
will receive him (Christendom), and any professing
Christian who denounces this "returned Christ"
will be labeled as an "antichrist" under
the definition for "antichrists" given
in 1 John 2:18-19. |
SIMPLE, OBVIOUS, and REASONABLE, ISN'T IT? The
Leaders of Apostate Christendom will never be so bold as
to flatly deny the return of Jesus Christ. Neither do I
suggest that THEY WANT TO DENY that Jesus will
"ever" return. What they will do, is give us a
NEW explanation of the particular circumstances in which
Jesus returns. The "Jesus" of the NEW
ESCHATOLOGY will return and accept the "job" as
'king by popular acclaim' that the original Jesus
turned down in John 6:15. I have no knowledge at this
moment of just HOW this "Christ" will make his
PUBLIC debut: but if this "Christ" is put on
television, it can be said that every eye shall see
Him (Rev. 1:7). And since this "Christ"
will most assuredly make his world wide public debut in
Israel, it can also be said, For as the lightning
cometh out of the east, and shineth even unto the west;
so shall also the coming (PAROUSIA) of the Son of
man be (Matt. 24:27): WHY? HOW? Because television
transmissions will "travel like lightning"
to the west, where most of the professing Christians are!
Can't you see how easy it is to defend this scenario? Yet
such a thing could not have been possible until only
fifty years ago. If then, this "Christ" speaks
to the world on TELEVISION, then television becomes THE
IMAGE OF THE BEAST, and anyone who will not
acknowledge or worship "the Christ on T.V."
will be labeled as an "antichrist", and be
executed (Rev. 13:15). SIMPLE, REASONABLE, and LIKELY,
isn't it? All that has to be done to make this scenario
plausible is get rid of THE GREAT FALLING AWAY, THE
RAPTURE, THE TRIBULATION, and a ONE-MAN POLITICAL
ANTICHRIST from Christian eschatology. The New
Eschatology will do all of this; and as I said, the
arguments that will be brought to support the New
Eschatology are FORMIDABLE, EXHAUSTIVE, and will find
apparent support from many of the most renowned scholars
in the popular history of Christendom. |
The word PAROUSIA, which is translated to coming
in Matt. 24:27, means [detectable presence]. This word
has been taken to refer to the Rapture in most places
that it is used. NOW, a "Christ" on television
can be everywhere at once, without being everywhere
personally and physically. Thus, what we have called The
Rapture for the last 100 years will instead become,
"Christ on television", for by TELEVISION, he
will be PRESENT in every livingroom. This is all so
reasonable that it is probable, and so probable that I
find it disturbing to even think about it. |
I also foresee the destruction of the city of Rome by
some sort of sudden and disastrous event, because I also
believe that the Catholic Church will initially resist
the New World Order. Besides, we must have a
"Mystery Babylon" to destroy. A nuclear missile
originating from Iran or Iraq would fill the bill. This
will then be interpreted by the opponents of Rome to
fulfill the prophetic destruction of MYSTERY BABYLON
(Rev.17:15-18); the Catholics will flee for protection to
the Protestants, and all the professing Christians in the
world will formally agree to unite against their common
foe. The nations of Islam will be overwhelmed and subdued
in the war, and a new ONE-WORLD religion dominated by
Christendom will emerge. This new ONE-WORLD RELIGION will
be the amalgamation of all religions, except that a
syncretistic form of "Christianity" that makes
room for them all will be dominant. |
KNOWING THIS FIRST: In the previous chapter,
the Apostle Peter has described all kinds of false
prophets and false teachers who will be, as he says, among
you (2:1), meaning that these characters will ALWAYS
BE AROUND. In chapter 3, he reminds us to be mindful
(3:2) of everything that he, the other Apostles, and Our
Lord, have taught us. THEN he says, Knowing this first,
by which he means to seize our attention, and warns us to
"keep in mind" what he is GOING TO SAY NEXT
because of how IMPORTANT what he is going to say next
will be; that is, it is VERY IMPORTANT. |
THAT THERE SHALL COME: which obviously means
that they HAD NOT COME YET, but shall (most
assuredly) come LATER, at some point in the
future. |
IN THE LAST DAYS: this is when whoever or
whatever is coming shall come. Not the beginning
of the days, not the middle of the days, but in the
last days. The last days of what? The last
days of the AGE in which Peter wrote this; the Church
Age. What ever it is that is coming, won't be here until
the END of the Church Age; the Age in which we presently
live. The Apostle Paul uses the same expression in 2
Timothy 3:1. The last days is a common Hebrew
expression which ALWAYS means [a distinct and limited
period of time, having its own peculiar characteristics,
and which signals the end of a major dispensational
period of history]. I have to supply all this definition
for this phrase, whose meaning is obvious, because there
are some lying teachers who say the entire dispensation
of the Church is The Last Days. Do you want a
date? The last days began in 1948. |
SCOFFERS: those who contemptuously ridicule,
and lightly dismiss, anyone they disagree with and
anything they disagree with. |
WALKING AFTER THEIR OWN LUSTS: The word for lusts
is EPITHUMIA, which means, "any overpowering and
unrestrained desire". Jesus had EPITHUMIA to
celebrate The Last Supper (Luke 22:15), where the word is
translated to desire. These scoffers are walking
after, that is, ACTIVELY PURSUING their own
unrestrained desires. In this context, as we shall see
shortly, the word EPITHUMIA represents AMBITIONS. |
AND SAYING: these scoffers have a
theme, they have something that they want everyone to
hear; they have an AGENDA to present. |
WHERE IS THE PROMISE: NOT where is the coming.
These scoffers are not challenging THE FACT of an
inevitable return of Jesus Christ. The question is
directed to the word promise, both in English, and
in the Greek from which it is translated. They are
denying that a certain promise can be
substantiated (in the Bible). |
OF HIS COMING: the word translated to coming
is PAROUSIA, the word which means, "visible
presence". This is not the standard Greek word that
is used to designate someone's actual physical arrival.
This word PAROUSIA is characteristic to almost every
passage in the N.T. which relates to the Rapture. There
is another Greek word, EISODOS, which means, "actual
physical entrance to any place". If their question,
"where is", was directed to challenge
the actual physical return of Jesus to stand upon the
earth, they would have said, "Where is the
EISODOS/coming He promised?" The challenge is to the
promise, not to the coming. The Apostle Paul
says that we shall meet the Lord in the air
(1 Thess. 4:17), which answers to the idea of His
presence; He will be PRESENT to us for we will be caught
up to where He is. Christ's actual ARRIVAL on earth
would have to precede His presence on earth. No formal
physical arrival is required for US to realize the Lord's
presence, because we will be caught up. . .to meet the
Lord in the air, and will therefore be in His
presence without Him having arrived physically either to
where we each are particularly, or to the earth at any
one location. |
FOR SINCE THE FATHERS FELL ASLEEP: this is a
distinctly religious phrase, and would not have been used
in any context where there wasn't a previous
understanding of WHO the fathers were, or what fell
asleep means. This establishes that these scoffers
are religious persons addressing a religious audience. |
ALL THINGS CONTINUE AS THEY WERE FROM THE
BEGINNING OF CREATION: by this, these scoffers
are denying the possibility of any distinctly
supernatural intervention by God, whether in a Rapture,
or in a cosmic event of any kind. Furthermore, the term all
things carries implications that nothing in our
relationship to God has changed since THE BEGINNING of
creation. Thus, they deny that the Advent of Christ
changed the "rules" by which the people of God
relate to each other, and to the world. |
WHAT WE HAVE HERE, is the complete doctrine of the
Rapture deniers and the Reconstructionists. I will
summarize my exposition by presenting you with an
expanded paraphrase of 2 Peter 3:3-4: |
But pay careful attention to
this! At the end of this present age, and just before the
next age begins; there will emerge from among your own
ranks, persons of note in the Church; ambitious men who
despise and ridicule their adversaries. These men have
big plans for the Church and the world as well; giving no
consideration to any idea that does not further their own
relentless ambitions. They will say, Show me where there
is a Rapture promised to us in the Bible; but anyone who
shows them, they will treat with contempt. They will
remind us of how many such predictions have come to
nothing. They will also insist on having dominion over
other men; considering it their obligation to enforce
right religion and proper morals on the people as it was
done in the days of the Hebrew Patriarchs; accomplishing
this end through influencing legislation in the secular
State, to which they will grant the religious authority
that was held by the government of ancient Israel. They
will insist that nothing has ever changed in the way God
governs His people since the foundation of the world, and
that the State is a divine institution, whose main
purpose is to advance and defend the rights,
prerogatives, and policies of the Bureaucratic
Institutions of Christendom, which they consider to be
"The Church". |
And so here we have it; the Rapture deniers, the
Reconstructionists, and THE NEW ESCHATOLOGY; all
anticipated and condemned by Bible prophecy. You might
wonder why they should care about whether or not you
believe in such things as THE GREAT FALLING AWAY, THE
RAPTURE, THE GREAT TRIBULATION, and A COMING ANTICHRIST. |
1. If you believe there is to be a GREAT APOSTASY at
the end of the Church Age, then you are saying that
Modern Christendom is apostate, for almost everyone
acknowledges that we are at or near the end of the age.
You certainly can't expect the "licensed and
certified hireling hucksters" of Organized Religion
to favor this idea. |
2. If you believe in THE RAPTURE, then you are not
worried about the world's big problems, like pollution or
dwindling oil supplies. If you believe in a SOON Rapture
you probably won't be concerned about saving up for your
retirement, and you are unlikely to commit to any long
term projects that would be pointless if there wasn't
enough time left to reach the goal. Belief in a SOON
Rapture definitely fosters laxity in respect to almost
everything that the world is worried about. |
3. If you believe that THE GREAT TRIBULATION is right
around the corner, then you are fundamentally pessimistic
about the future of society. Things are only going to get
worse, no matter what anybody does, so why try at all? A
coming GREAT TRIBULATION makes all this uproar about a
New World Order ridiculous; it will come to disaster, no
matter what the politicians do. |
4. If you believe that there shall arise a POLITICAL
ANTICHRIST to whom the leaders of the world will give
assent, then you OBVIOUSLY don't have any faith in the
STATE, and are not likely to be very patriotic. |
People who believe in a Rapture Theology are A LOT
LESS COOPERATIVE with secular society: they are unlikely
to contribute much to that ever changing parade of
crusades, wherein we are always being told that we can
solve the problems in our world by secular means. There
is a great sense of urgency underlying all the
"business as usual" on this planet. We know too
much. While we are trying to go about our private lives,
the television and the newspaper are constantly warning
us about THE TERRIBLE PROBLEMS that are bearing down on
us, and how we better HURRY UP AND START DOING SOMETHING
ABOUT IT, OR ELSE! Our Lord Jesus Christ prophesied about
this "frightened urgency". |