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Chapter 6 | Table
of Contents | Chapter 8
The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah
Alfred Edersheim
1883
Book IV
THE DESCENT: FROM THE MOUNT OF TRANSFIGURATION
INTO THE VALLEY OF HUMILIATION AND DEATH.
Chapter 7
'IN THE LAST, THE GREAT DAY OF THE FEAST'
(St. John 7:37, 8:11.)
IT was 'the last, the great day of the Feast,' and Jesus was
once more in the Temple. We can scarcely doubt that it was the concluding day
of the Feast, and not, as most modern writers suppose, its Octave, which, in
Rabbinic language, was regarded as 'a festival by itself.'1
2
But such solemn interest attaches to the Feast, and this occurrence on its last
day, that we must try to realise the scene. We have here the only Old Testament
type yet unfulfilled; the only Jewish festival which has no counterpart in the
cycle of the Christian year,3
just because it points forward to that great, yet unfulfilled hope of the
Church: the ingathering of Earth's nations to the Christ.
1. Comp. Yoma 3 a, and often.
2. Hence the benediction said at the beginning of every Feast is not only said on the first of that of Tabernacles, but also on the octave of it
(Sukk. 48 a). The sacrifices for that occasion were quite different from those for 'Tabernacles;' the 'booths' were removed; and the peculiar rites of the Feast of Tabernacles no longer observed. This is distinctly stated in Sukk.
iv. 1, and the diverging opinion of R. Jehudah on this and another point is formally rejected in Tos. Sukk. iii. 16. For the six points of difference between the Feast of Tabernacles and its Octave, see note at the end of ch. viii.
3. Bishop Haneberg speaks of the anniversaries of the Martyrs as part-fulfilment of
the typical meaning of that Feast.
The celebration of the Feast corresponded to its great meaning.
Not only did all the priestly families minister during that week, but it has
been calculated that not fewer than 446 Priests, with, of course, a
corresponding number of Levites, were required for its sacrificial worship. In
general, the services were the same every day, except that the number of
bullocks offered decreased daily from thirteen on the first, to seven on the
seventh day. Only during the first two, and on the last festive day (as also on
the Octave of the Feast), was strict Sabbatic rest enjoined. On the intervening
half-holidays (Chol haMoed), although no new labour was to be
undertaken, unless in the public service, the ordinary and necessary avocations
of the home and of life were carried on, and especially all done that was
required for the festive season. But 'the last, the Great Day of the Feast,'
was marked by special observances.
Let us suppose ourselves in the number of worshippers, who on
'the last, the Great Day of the Feast,' are leaving their 'booths' at daybreak
to take part in the service. The pilgrims are all in festive array. In his
right hand each carries what is called the Lulabh,4
which, although properly meaning 'a branch,' or 'palm-branch,' consisted of a
myrtle and willow-branch tied together with a palm-branch between them. This
was supposed to be in fulfilment of the command, Lev. xxiii. 40. 'The fruit
(A.V. 'boughs') of the goodly trees,' mentioned in the same verse of Scripture,
was supposed to be the Ethrog, the so-called Paradise-apple (according
to Ber. R. 15, the fruit of the forbidden tree), a species of citron.5
This Ethrog each worshipper carries in his left hand. It is scarcely
necessary to add, that this interpretation of Lev. xxiii. 40 was given by the
Rabbis;6 perhaps
more interesting to know, that this was one of the points in controversy
between the Pharisees and Sadducees.
4. Also Lulabha and Luleybha.
5. Targ. Onkelos, and Pseudo-Jon. and Jerus. on Lev. xxiii. 40; Jos. Ant. xiii.
13. 5.
6. Vayy. R. 30, towards end, ed. Warsh., p. 47 a.
Thus armed with Lulabh in their right, and Ethrog
in their left hands, the festive multitude would divide into three bands. Some
would remain in the Temple to attend the preparation of the Morning Sacrifice.
Another band would go in procession 'below Jerusalem'7
to a place called Moza, the 'Kolonia' of the Jerusalem Talmud,8
which some have sought to identify with the Emmaus of the Resurrection-Evening.9
At Moza they cut down willow-branches, with which, amidst the blasts of the
Priests' trumpets, they adorned the altar, forming a leafy canopy about it. Yet
a third company were taking part in a still more interesting service. To the
sound of music a procession started from the Temple. It followed a Priest who
bore a golden pitcher, capable of holding three log.10
Onwards it passed, probably, through Ophel, which recent investigations have
shown to have been covered with buildings to the very verge of Siloam, down the
edge of the Tyropœon Valley, where it merges into that of the Kedron. To this
day terraces mark where the gardens, watered by the living spring, extended
from the King's Gardens by the spring Rogel down to the entrance into the
Tyropœon. Here was the so-called 'Fountain-Gate,' and still within the
City-wall 'the Pool of Siloam,' the overflow of which fed a lower pool. As
already stated it was at the merging of the Tyropœon into the Kedron Valley, in
the south-eastern angle of Jerusalem. The Pool of Siloam was fed by the living
spring farther up in the narrowest part of the Kedron Valley, which presently
bears the name of 'the Virgin's Fountain,' but represents the ancient En-Rogel
and Gihon. Indeed, the very canal which led from the one to the other, with the
inscription of the workmen upon it, has lately been excavated.11
Though chiefly of historical interest, a sentence may be added. The Pool of
Siloam is the same as 'the King's Pool' of Neh. ii. 14.12
It was made by King Hezekiah, in order both to divert from a besieging army the
spring of Gihon, which could not be brought within the City-wall, and yet to
bring its waters within the City.13
This explains the origin of the name Siloam, 'sent' - a conduit14
- or 'Siloah,' as Josephus calls
it. Lastly, we remember that it was down in the valley at Gihon (or En-Rogel),
that Solomon was proclaimed,15
while the opposite faction held revel, and would have made Adonijah king, on
the cliff Zoheleth (the modern Zahweileh) right over against it,
not a hundred yards distant,16
where they must, of course, have distinctly heard the sound of the trumpets and
the shouts of the people as Solomon was proclaimed king.17
7. Sukk. iv. 5.
8. Jer. Sukk. iv. 3, p. 54 b.
9. For a full discussion of this point, see p. 636, note 3.
10. Rather more than two pints.
11. Curiously, in that passage the spring of the river is designated by the word Moza.
12. Comp. Neh. iii. 15.
13. 2 Chron. xxxii. 30; 2 Kings xx. 20.
14. St. John ix. 7.
15. 1 Kings i. 33, 38.
16. 1 Kings i. 9.
17. ver. 41.
But to return. When the Temple-procession had reached the Pool
of Siloam, the Priest filled his golden pitcher from its waters.18
Then they went back to the Temple, so timing it, that they should arrive just
as they were laying the pieces of the sacrifice on the great Altar of
Burnt-offering,19
towards the close of the ordinary Morning-Sacrifice service. A threefold blast
of the Priests' trumpets welcomed the arrival of the Priest, as he entered
through the 'Water-gate,'20
which obtained its name from this ceremony, and passed straight into the Court
of the Priests. Here he was joined by another Priest, who carried the wine for
the drink-offering. The two Priests ascended 'the rise' of the altar, and
turned to the left. There were two silver funnels here, with narrow openings,
leading down to the base of the altar. Into that at the east, which was
somewhat wider, the wine was poured, and, at the same time, the water into the
western and narrower opening, the people shouting to the Priest to raise his
hand, so as to make sure that he poured the water into the funnel. For,
although it was held, that the water-pouring was an ordinance instituted by
Moses, 'a Halakhah of Moses from Sinai,'21
this was another of the points disputed by the Sadducees.22
And, indeed, to give practical effect to their views, the High-Priest Alexander
Jannĉus had on one occasion poured the water on the ground, when he was nearly
murdered, and in the riot, that ensued, six thousand persons were killed in the
Temple.23
18. Except on a Sabbath, and on the first day of the Feast. On these occasions it had been
provided the day before.
19. Tos. Sukk iii. 8.
20. One of the gates that opened from 'the terrace' on the south side of the Temple.
21. Jer. Sukk. iv. 6; Sukk. 44 a.
22. On the other hand, R. Akiba maintained, that the 'water-pouring' was prescribed in
the written Law.
23. Sukk. iv. 9: Jos. Ant. xiii. 13. 5.
Immediately after 'the pouring of water,' the great 'Hallel,'
consisting of Psalms cxiii. to cxviii. (inclusive), was chanted antiphonally,
or rather, with responses, to the accompaniment of the flute. As the Levites
intoned the first line of each Psalm, the people repeated it; while to each of
the other lines they responded by Hallelu Yah ('Praise ye the Lord').
But in Psalm cxviii. the people not only repeated the first line, 'O give
thanks to the Lord,' but also these, 'O then, work now salvation, Jehovah,'24
'O Lord, send now prosperity;'25
and again, at the close of the Psalm, 'O give thanks to the Lord.' As they
repeated these lines, they shook towards the altar the Lulabh which they
held in their hands - as if with this token of the past to express the reality
and cause of their praise, and to remind God of His promises. It is this moment
which should be chiefly kept in view.
24. Ps. cxviii. 25.
25. ver. 25.
The festive morning-service was followed by the offering of the
special sacrifices for the day, with their drink-offerings, and by the Psalm
for the day, which, on 'the last, the Great Day of the Feast,' was Psalm
lxxxii. from verse 5.26
27
The Psalm was, of course, chanted, as always, to instrumental accompaniment,
and at the end of each of its three sections the Priests blew a threefold
blast, while the people bowed down in worship. In further symbolism of this
Feast, as pointing to the ingathering of the heathen nations, the public
services closed with a procession round the Altar by the Priests, who chanted
'O then, work now salvation, Jehovah! O Jehovah, send now prosperity.'28
But on 'the last, the Great Day of the Feast,' this procession of Priests made
the circuit of the altar, not only once, but seven times, as if they were again
compassing, but now with prayer, the Gentile Jericho which barred their possession
of the promised land. Hence the seventh or last day of the Feast was also
called that of 'the Great Hosannah.' As the people left the Temple, they
saluted the altar with words of thanks,29
and on the last day of the Feast they shook off the leaves on the
willow-branches round the altar, and beat their palm-branches to pieces.30
On the same afternoon the 'booths' were dismantled, and the Feast ended.31
26. Sukk. 55 a; Maimonides, Yad haChas. Hilkh. Temid. uMos. x. 11 (vol. iii. p. 204 a).
27. For the Psalms chanted on the other days of the Feast, and a detailed description of
the Feast itself, see 'The Temple and its Services,' ch. xiv.
28. Ps. cxviii. 25.
29. Sukk. iv. 5.
30. u. s. 1 and 6.
31. u. s. 8.
We can have little difficulty in determining at what part of
the services of 'the last, the Great Day of the Feast,' Jesus stood and cried,
'If any one thirst, let Him come unto Me and drink!' It must have been with
special reference to the ceremony of the outpouring of the water, which, as we
have seen, was considered the central part of the service.32
Moreover, all would understand that His words must refer to the Holy Spirit,
since the rite was universally regarded as symbolical of His outpouring. The
forthpouring of the water was immediately followed by the chanting of the Hallel.
But after that there must have been a short pause to prepare for the festive
sacrifices (the Musaph). It was then, immediately after the symbolic
rite of water-pouring, immediately after the people had responded by repeating
those lines from Psalm cxviii. - given thanks, and prayed that Jehovah would
send salvation and prosperity, and had shaken their Lulabh towards the
altar, thus praising 'with heart, and mouth, and hands,' and then silence had
fallen upon them - that there rose, so loud as to be heard throughout the
Temple, the Voice of Jesus. He interrupted not the services, for they had for
the moment ceased: He interpreted, and He fulfilled them.
32. I must respectfully differ from Canon Westcott (ad loc.) when he regards it as a doubtful question whether or not the 'water-pouring' had taken place on
the day when our Lord so pointed to the fulfilment of its symbolical meaning.
Whether we realise it in connection with the deeply-stirring
rites just concluded, and the song of praise that had scarcely died out of the
air; or think of it as a vast step in advance in the history of Christ's
Manifestation, the scene is equally wondrous. But yesterday they had been
divided about Him, and the authorities had given directions to take Him; to-day
He is not only in the Temple, but, at the close of the most solemn rites of the
Feast, asserting, within the hearing of all, His claim to be regarded as the
fulfilment of all, and the true Messiah! And yet there is neither harshness of
command nor violence of threat in His proclamation. It is the King, meek,
gentle, and loving; the Messiah, Who will not break the bruised reed, Who will
not lift up His Voice in tone of anger, but speak in accents of loving,
condescending compassion, Who now bids, whosoever thirsteth, come unto Him and
drink. And so the words have to all time remained the call of Christ to all
that thirst, whence- or what-soever their need and longing of soul may be. But,
as we listen to these words as originally spoken, we feel how they mark that
Christ's hour was indeed coming: the preparation past; the manifestation in the
present, unmistakable, urgent, and loving; and the final conflict at hand.
Of those who had heard Him, none but must have understood that,
if the invitation were indeed real, and Christ the fulfilment of all, then the
promise also had its deepest meaning, that he who believed on Him would not
only receive the promised fulness of the Spirit, but give it forth to the
fertilising of the barren waste around. It was, truly, the fulfilment of the
Scripture-promise, not of one but of all: that in Messianic times the Nabhi,
'prophet,' literally the weller forth, viz., of the Divine, should not be one
or another select individual, but that He would pour out on all His handmaidens
and servants of His Holy Spirit, and thus the moral wilderness of this world be
changed into a fruitful garden. Indeed, this is expressly stated in the Targum
which thus paraphrases Is. xliv. 3: 'Behold, as the waters are poured on arid
ground and spread over the dry soil, so will I give the Spirit of My Holiness
on they sons, and My blessing on thy children's children.' What was new to them
was, that all this was treasured up in the Christ, that out of His fulness men
might receive, and grace for grace. And yet even this was not quite new. For,
was it not the fulfilment of that old prophetic cry: 'The Spirit of the Lord
Jehovah is upon Me: therefore has He Messiahed (anointed) Me to preach good
tidings unto the poor'? So then, it was nothing new, only the happy fulfilment
of the old, when He thus 'spake of the Holy Spirit, which they who believed on
Him should receive,' not then, but upon His Messianic exaltation.
And so we scarcely wonder that many, on hearing Him, said,
though not with that heart-conviction which would have led to self-surrender,
that He was the Prophet promised of old, even the Christ, while others, by
their side, regarding Him as a Galilean, the Son of Joseph, raised the ignorant
objection that He could not be the Messiah, since the latter must be of the seed
of David and come from Bethlehem. Nay, such was the anger of some against what
they regarded a dangerous seducer of the poor people, that they would fain have
laid violent hands on Him. But amidst all this, the strongest testimony to His
Person and Mission remains to be told. It came, as so often, from a quarter
whence it could least have been expected. Those Temple-officers, whom the
authorities had commissioned to watch an opportunity for seizing Jesus, came
back without having done their behest, and that, when, manifestly, the scene in
the Temple might have offered the desired ground for His imprisonment. To the
question of the Pharisees, they could only give this reply, which has ever
since remained unquestionable fact of history, admitted alike by friend and
foe: 'Never man so spake as this man.'33
For, as all spiritual longing and all upward tending, not only of men but even
of systems, consciously or unconsciously tends towards Christ,34
so can we measure and judge all systems by this, which no sober student of
history will gainsay, that no man or system ever so spake.
33. Whether or not the last three words are spurious is, so far as the sense of the words
is concerned, matter of comparative indifference.
34. St. John vii. 17.
It was not this which the Pharisees now gainsaid, but rather
the obvious, and, we may add, logical, inference from it. The scene which
followed is so thoroughly Jewish, that it alone would suffice to prove the
Jewish, and hence Johannine, authorship of the Fourth Gospel. The harsh sneer:
'Are ye also led astray?' is succeeded by pointing to the authority of the
learned and great, who with one accord were rejecting Jesus. 'But this people'
- the country-people (Am ha-arez), the ignorant, unlettered rabble -
'are cursed.' Sufficient has been shown in previous parts of this book to
explain alike the Pharisaic claim of authority and their almost unutterable
contempt of the unlettered. So far did the latter go, that it would refuse, not
only all family connection and friendly intercourse,35
but even the bread of charity, to the unlettered;36
nay, that, in theory at least, it would have regarded their murder as no sin,37
and even cut them off from the hope of the Resurrection.38
39
But is it not true, that, even in our days, this double sneer, rather than
argument, of the Pharisees is the main reason of the disbelief of so many:
Which of the learned believe on Him? but the ignorant multitude are led by
superstition to ruin.
35. Ps. 49 b.
36. Baba B. 8 b.
37. Pes. 49 d.
38. Kethub. 111 b.
39. For further details the reader is referred to Wagenseil's Sota, pp. 516-519.
There was one standing among the Temple-authorities, whom an
uneasy conscience would not allow to remain quite silent. It was the Sanhedrist
Nicodemus, still a night-disciple, even in brightest noon-tide. He could not
hold his peace, and yet he dared not speak for Christ. So he made compromise of
both by taking the part of, and speaking as, a righteous, rigid Sanhedrist.
'Does our Law judge (pronounce sentence upon) a man, except it first hear from
himself and know what he doeth?' From the Rabbinic point of view, no sounder
judicial saying could have been uttered. Yet such common-places impose not on
any one, nor even serve any good purpose. It helped not the cause of Jesus, and
it disguised not the advocacy of Nicodemus. We know what was thought of Galilee
in the Rabbinic world. 'Art thou also of Galilee? Search and see, for out of
Galilee ariseth no prophet.'
And so ended this incident, which, to all concerned, might have
been so fruitful of good. Once more Nicodemus was left alone, as every one who
had dared and yet not dared for Christ is after all such bootless compromises;
alone - with sore heart, stricken conscience, and a great longing.40
40. The reader will observe, that the narrative of the woman taken in adultery, as also
the previous verse (St. John vii. 53-viii. 11) have been left out in this
History - although with great reluctance. By this it is not intended to
characterise that section as Apocryphal, nor indeed to pronounce any opinion as to the reality of some such occurrence. For, it contains much which we instinctively feel to be like the Master, both in what Christ is represented as
saying and as doing. All that we reluctantly feel bound to maintain is, that the narrative in its present form did not exist in the Gospel of St. John, and, indeed, could not have existed. For a summary of the external evidence against the Johannine authorship of the passage, I would refer to Canon Westcott's Note, ad loc., in the 'Speaker's Commentary.' But there
is also internal evidence, and, to my mind at least, most cogent,
against its authenticity - at any rate, in its present form. From first to last it is utterly un-Jewish. Accordingly,
unbiased critics who are conversant either with Jewish legal procedure, or with the habits and views of the people
at the time, would feel obliged to reject it, even if the external evidence had been as strong in its favour as it is for its rejection. Archdeacon Farrar
has, indeed, devoted to the illustration of this narrative some of his most pictorial pages. But, with all his ability and eloquence, his references to
Jewish law and observances are not such as to satisfy the requirements of
criticism. To this general objection to their correctness I must add a protest against the views which he presents of the moral state of Jewish society at the time. On the other hand, from whatever point we view this narrative - the accusers, the witnesses, the public examination, the bringing of the woman to
Jesus, or the punishment claimed - it presents insuperable difficulties. That a woman taken in the act of adultery should have been brought before Jesus (and apparently without the witnesses to her crime); that such an utterly un-Jewish,
as well as illegal, procedure should have been that of the 'Scribes and
Pharisees'; that such a breach of law, and of what Judaism would regard as
decency, should have been perpetrated to 'tempt' Him; or that the Scribes
should have been so ignorant as to substitute stoning for strangulation, as the punishment of adultery; lastly, that this scene should have been enacted in the Temple, presents a veritable climax of impossibilities. I can only express surprise that Archdeacon Farrar should have suggested that the 'Feast of
Tabernacles had grown into a kind of vintage-festival, which would often
degenerate into acts of licence and immorality,' or that the lives of the
religious leaders of Israel 'were often stained' with such sins. The first
statement is quite ungrounded; and as for the second, I do not recall a single instance in which a charge of adultery is brought against a Rabbi of that period. The quotations in Sepp's Leben Jesu (vol. v. p. 183), which Archdeacon Farrar adduces, are not to cases in point, however much, from
the Christian point of view, we may reprobate the conduct of the Rabbis there mentioned.
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